Why F1’s Pursuit of Speed in 2017 had a Dark Side

Formula 1 is a perpetual engineering and technological arms race. The teams continually strive to improve the performance of their cars subject to the constraints dictated by the existing rule regime. As a result, in the absence of rule changes speeds tend to creep up and lap times reduce year by year.

Greater speeds are certainly thrilling for fans watching their heroes do battle. But there is a price to pay. Increased speeds inevitably also increase the risks faced by drivers in the event of an accident. For this reason the FIA has on many occasions introduced rule changes designed to counter the inexorable rise in speed.

2017 was different…

THE 2017 RULE CHANGES

The rule changes for the 2017 season were designed very much with the fans in mind. They came amid growing dissatisfaction among viewers with the direction F1 was taking in the hybrid era, while also acknowledging the significant improvements in driver safety that have been achieved over the years.

More powerful engines, fatter tyres, wider chassis, lower and larger rear wings – the cars re-acquired many of the characteristics associated with Formula 1 in the late ’70s and ’80s – the “Golden Era” of F1 as we discussed in The Best Season in Formula 1 History.

One overriding goal of these changes was to improve lap times by a full 5 seconds a lap. The pole time for the 2015 Spanish Grand Prix was nominated as a specific target reference.

It is debatable whether faster lap times alone actually improve the F1 spectacle or the quality of wheel to wheel racing. But it was commonly agreed that the pinnacle of motorsport needed to be significantly quicker than other categories. A change was required – there was a need for speed.

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SO JUST HOW FAST WERE THE 2017 CARS?

In order to assess the speed improvement achieved in 2017 we’ve chosen three different measures of lap time: fastest qualifying time, fastest lap time during a race, and the median lap time of the winning driver. We compare the times for 2017 with those achieved on the same tracks in 2016.

For each metric we exclude tracks where wet conditions in either or both years prevented a reasonable like for like comparison.

Average Improvement: 2.5 seconds per lap

 

Average improvement: 2.7 seconds per lap

 

Average improvement: 3.1 seconds per lap

 

So while they may not have achieved a full five seconds per lap improvement on average, the 2017 cars were certainly quicker. Out of the 20 races held over the course of 2017 there were 11 new lap records set. The cars looked spectacularly quick through the corners; Motorsport.com confirmed that F1’s top corners were taken at 30kmh faster in 2017 compared to 2016!

As a consequence the G-forces experienced by the drivers have also increased significantly requiring the drivers to work extra hard in the gym pre-season to beef up their neck muscles.

HOW TO IMPROVE LAP TIMES FURTHER – A WEIGHTY ISSUE…

An unfortunate side effect of the new technologically advanced hybrid power trains is weight. The 2017 cars tipped the scales at 728kg (minimum weight including driver). For comparison this is almost 35% heavier than the iconic 1988 McLaren MP4/4.

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So while the overall power generated by a 2017 Mercedes powertrain is 12% higher than the MP4/4 – 750kW compared to 670kW respectively – the power to weight ratio is actually 17% lower than what was achieved nearly 30 years ago.

The power to weight ratio is a key factor in the performance of a racecar. But clearly it’s not the only thing that counts. Somehow the drivers managed to drag those weighty 2017 beasts around the racetrack in record times last year.

How? In a word – aero. Cornering speed is critical to lap time and this is significantly enhanced by aerodynamic downforce, in addition to mechanical grip.

One way to get a feel for the impact of aero on an F1 car is to compare them to a MotoGP bike, which has very little in the way of aerodynamic downforce.

VELOCITY V DOWNFORCE – MOTOGP & FORMULA 1 COMPARED

A MotoGP bike is an impressive machine – in 2017 the bikes produced 170kW with a minimum weight of 157kg (without rider). Add seven time MotoGP World Champion Valentino Rossi to the mix at 67kg and the 2017 Yamaha tipped the scales at 224kg. That gave a power to weight ratio of 0.85kW/kg.

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Impressive yes, but still 17% lower than the 2017 F1. And yet if we compare their top speeds the bike is at least equivalent if not faster than the car in a straight line.

Why? Let’s do a quick comparison of performance at a few of the circuits where both categories competed in 2017 and see what it tells us.

CIRCUIT OF THE AMERICAS – 2017
Category Top Speed Pole Lap Time
MotoGP 344km/h (Pedrosa) 2:02.7 (Marquez)
Formula 1 331km/h (Hamilton) 1:33.1 (Hamilton)

MotoGP was 7% faster in a straight line but a massive 32% slower in overall lap time.

 

SILVERSTONE – 2017
Category Top Speed Pole Lap Time
MotoGP 327km/h (Dovizioso) 1:59.9 (Marquez)
Formula 1 325km/h (Massa) 1:26.6 (Hamilton)

Top speed nearly identical but F1 pole was 38.5% faster than MotoGP

 

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The combination of aerodynamic downforce in addition to significantly more mechanical grip (consider those fat 2017 F1 slicks compared to the tiny contact patch on a MotoGP bike) means the F1 cars can carry far greater speed through the corners and this translates into much faster lap times.

But as we can see from the difference in top speeds achieved aerodynamic downforce is no free lunch. The aero package puts a limit on top speed via increased drag. It enhances average speed at the cost of top speed.

This raises an interesting question: how fast could an F1 car go in a straight line without all that aerodynamic downforce limiting its terminal velocity?

Well, luckily for us this experiment has been done. The Honda squad put this to the test in 2006 at Bonneville salt flats, setting a record of 413kph for the fastest F1 car in a straight line.

What would Honda give for some of that pace right now…..?

2017. QUICK, PRETTY CARS, BUT….

Thumbs up to the FIA for delivering fantastic looking cars that were extremely quick and a big step up on 2016.

Unfortunately, there is a dark side to all of that sophisticated aerodynamic downforce  – turbulence. The 2017 cars were very hard to follow, and hence pass, due to the turbulent air they left in their wake.

It’s true that as fans of F1 we love to see racing cars going VERY fast.  But there is more to racing than just lap time. The on-track battles and heroic overtakes are a big part of what draws fans to the sport, and these have been somewhat compromised by the current design rules.

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On the topic of overtakes, this is something we will be looking at much more closely in 2018 so stay tuned for further overtake analysis from F1 Bytes.

For those interested in technical details, the issue of turbulence and some potential solutions was addressed beautifully by Craig Scarborough here.

MOVING ON TO 2018…

The stats presented here show very clearly that in 2017 the FIA delivered on the need for speed – although perhaps not quite to the level they’d hoped. We have also alluded to a few of the ongoing issues faced by the sport – problems whose solutions are not necessarily consistent with the goal of a faster lap time.

We hope that the future development of the sporting regulations carefully balance both the need for close wheel-to-wheel racing and the ultimate need for speed.

The Ultimate 2017 Season Head-to-Head

With the 2017 F1 season now behind us (urghh!) we’ve pulled together all the data to judge the winner of each intra-team head-to-head (H2H) battle.  We also tease out the nuances of each rivalry and find out where each driver shines.

For a full description of the stats check out our H2H Explanatory Notes.

As you’ll no doubt agree it’s difficult to capture everything in just six factors but we think these stats go a long way towards painting a picture of the relative strengths and weaknesses of each driver.

And the 2017 H2H winners are…

MERCEDES

Bottas Hamilton Winner
Points 305 363 Hamilton
Race Result 8 11 Hamilton
Qualifying 7 13 Hamilton
Fastest Lap 6 13 Hamilton
Laps in Top 10 1141 1118 Bottas
Best Result 1st (x3) 1st (x9) Hamilton

WINNER: Lewis Hamilton, 5-1

In his fourth Championship winning year Lewis Hamilton was dominant over his new Mercedes teammate Valtteri Bottas. Bottas managed to score a win on a single factor – laps in the top 10. Considering the impressive reliability of Mercedes (only one DNF for the team for Bottas in Spain) and their regular appearance at the pointy end of the field this factor was very close and couldn’t be considered much of a feather in the Finn’s cap.

More impressive is Hamilton’s nine victories to Bottas’ three. A Championship winning factor result if ever there was one. Lewis’ ability to get the best out of a car in one flying lap is also highlighted in the 13 to 7 win over Valtteri in qualifying. Not only did Hamilton comprehensively beat Bottas in poles in 2017 he also beat a far more decorated driver – Michael Schumacher. At Monza Lewis scored his 69th pole position of his career taking the record for the most pole positions ever from the seven time World Champion.

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Given the twin challenges of integrating with a new team and dealing with an imperious Lewis Hamilton Bottas ended the season admirably. Two poles and a win in the final two races of the season certainly helped Valtteri’s final head to head result after relatively poor performances in many races following the mid-season break.

The Finns certainly punch above their weight in Formula 1 but to beat Lewis Hamilton in our H2H matchup in 2018 Bottas is going to have to tap an extra vein of Finnish Sisu and move to a higher and more consistent level of performance.

FERRARI

Räikkönen Vettel Winner
Points 205 317 Vettel
Race Result 2 14 Vettel
Qualifying 5 15 Vettel
Fastest Lap 9 8 Räikkönen
Laps in Top 10 978 1044 Vettel
Best Result 2nd (x2) 1st (x5) Vettel

WINNER: Sebastian Vettel, 5-1

The season that almost was for Ferrari. So how did the scarlet marque’s drivers compare? It was a relatively one sided affair but not without exception.

Sebastian Vettel scored 5 race wins for the year compared to Kimi Raikonnen’s 2 second places. This is clearly a significant defeat for the Finn and is obviously reflected in the 112 point gap in the Championship.

Seb’s abilty to pull out a lap in qualifying was also a highlight for the Scuderia in 2017. His 15:5 result was only bettered in team head to heads by Fernando Alonso (16:3) and Felipe Massa (17:2) though the Hulk wiped the floor with Jolyon Palmer 15:0 in their limited race weekends together.

There was however a glitch in the matrix in terms of Vettel’s one lap pace – achieving fastest lap in a race (traditionally a focus for the 4 x Champ). In this factor Raikonnen was the winner (albeit by only one point) outscoring Vettel for Fastest Lap in the 17 races that both drivers finished.

Though a perennial fan favourite it’s hard to see Kimi consistently beating Sebastian in H2H factors in 2018. Even so “the Kimster” will likely be a crucial player in helping Ferrari challenge for a win in both the drivers and constructors championships in 2018.

FORCE INDIA

Ocon Pérez Winner
Points 87 100 Pérez
Race Result 7 11 Pérez
Qualifying 7 13 Pérez
Fastest Lap 3 16 Pérez
Laps in Top 10 871 1028 Pérez
Best Result 5th (x2) 4th Pérez

WINNER: Sergio Perez, 6-0

A relative minnow in the team budget stakes Force India punched way above their weight in 2017 to finish fourth in the Championship. Both Sergio Perez and Esteban Ocon were consistently in the points and our analysis at the halfway stage of the season showed both drivers were fantastic value for money.

What is surprising is that in head to head Checo Perez wiped the floor 6-0 against his rookie team mate – the only driver on the grid to manage a clean sweep! The result is surprising because at so many times during the season the two pink cars were racing (and crashing!) wheel to wheel and could hardly be separated. The closeness of the drivers even forced (pardon the pun) the team to stop the two racing each other.

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In isolation the result looks like a dominant win to the Mexican but the radar clearly shows the young Frenchman was extremely close in many of the factors. Perez certainly had the advantage in one lap speed and was dominant in both qualifying and fastest laps. In the other factors Ocon was very close to his far more experienced team mate. His rookie year was indeed so impressive that many are talking about the likeable Frenchman as a potential future World Champion.

What is clear from both the team and driver results is that Force India has an excellent foundation to continue its strong showing in 2018.

MCLAREN

Alonso Vandoorne Winner
Points 17 13 Alonso
Race Result 5 2 Alonso
Qualifying 16 3 Alonso
Fastest Lap 7 8 Vandoorne
Laps in Top 10 425 250 Alonso
Best Result 6th 7th (x2) Alonso

WINNERL Fernando Alonso, 5-1

Another difficult year for the British marque, its rookie driver and the two time World Champion. McLaren was one of five teams who ran more than two drivers during the season when Jenson Button replaced the Indy 500-bound Fernando Alonso. In terms of head to head analysis JB’s one-off cameo at Monaco was impressive in that he managed to out-qualify Vandoorne. Unfortunately neither driver managed to finish the race.

Between their main drivers Fernando’s 5:1 H2H win over Stoffel was not unexpected from arguably one of the best drivers on the grid. The rookie Belgian certainly seemed to find more performance toward the end of the season and is no doubt a huge talent. What won’t be pretty reading for Vandoorne is Alonso’s dominant performance in qualifying.

With a season under his belt it will be very interesting to see how Vandoorne performs against Alonso in 2018. Indeed it will be very interesting to see how McLaren performs against the rest of the field with a new Renault power train paired with what appears to be one of the best chassis on the grid.

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SAUBER

Ericsson Wehrlein Winner
Points 0 5 Wehrlein
Race Result 4 7 Wehrlein
Qualifying 7 11 Wehrlein
Fastest Lap 10 7 Ericsson
Laps in Top 10 38 64 Wehrlein
Best Result 11th (x2) 8th Wehrlein

WINNER: Pascal Wehrlein, 5-1

2017 was another difficult year for Sauber. But whether at the front or rear of the grid all a driver can do to raise their capital is outperform their teammate in identical machinery. To this end Pascal Wehrlein clearly outscored Marcus Ericsson in our six H2H factors. .

Perhaps the most significant win for the German was scoring points for the team at both Spain and Azerbaijan. At the end of the season points equate to dollars for the team and with these two results Pascal will have more than repaid his relatively modest salary.

We should note that Antonio Gionvinazzi replaced Wehrlein for two races due to the latter’s injury in a pre-season Race of Champions incident. The Italian acquitted himself reasonably well but was out-qualified twice by the more experienced Swede.

Unfortunately for Wehrlein outperforming his teammate wasn’t enough to secure him a seat on the grid in 2018. For Sauber, Ericsson and his new teammate Charles Leclerc perhaps closer ties with Ferrari and Alfa Romeo in 2018 will bring their head to head battles closer to the other mid-field teams.

HAAS

Grosjean Magnussen Winner
Points 28 19 Grosjean
Race Result 6 7 Magnussen
Qualifying 12 8 Grosjean
Fastest Lap 8 10 Magnussen
Laps in Top 10 376 417 Magnussen
Best Result 6th 7th Grosjean

WINNER: Draw, 3-3

The American team’s second season in F1 was somewhat inconsistent but their two drivers could hardly be separated. For the majority of the year Romain Grosjean and Kevin Magnussen were neck and neck in their H2H factor scores. The final result – a three all draw. This was the only drawn H2H matchup of all the teams!

The radar shows how close the two drivers were to each other. The biggest difference in performance was the qualifying and points results – both factor wins going to the Frenchman.

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With a number of seats in top teams potentially becoming available in 2019 both Roman and Kevin have a lot to play for in 2018. It will be fascinating to see if HAAS can take a step forward in consistency next year and if one of their drivers can sufficiently outperform the other to stake a claim for a potentially Championship winning seat in 2019.

WILLIAMS

Massa Stroll Winner
Points 43 40 Massa
Race Result 9 4 Massa
Qualifying 17 2 Massa
Fastest Lap 8 9 Stroll
Laps in Top 10 658 360 Massa
Best Result 6th (x2) 3rd Stroll

WINNER: Felipe Massa, 4-2

2017 was an interesting year for driver head to heads at Williams. The oldest and most experienced driver on the grid against the youngest rookie plus a brief one race cameo by a reserve driver who doubles as a Sky commentator!

Firstly to Paul di Resta. Head to head he was out-qualified by Lance Stroll and didn’t finish the race in Hungary but he still out-qualified a Sauber and was only 7 tenths behind his teammate. Not bad given given how little preparation he had. Following an illness to Felipe Massa di Resta was thrust into the action at the last minute having never previously driven the car and performed admirably. It was an impressive weekend by the Scot.

After a bit of a shaky start to the season for the Canadian the radar shows Stroll performed reasonably well against his far more experienced teammate. Stroll’s third place in Azerbaijan was significantly better than Felipe’s pair of sixth places and helped him come within 3 points of the Brazilian in the Championship.

The biggest performance difference was in qualifying with Felipe dominating Lance 17 to 2. It remains unclear who Stroll’s teammate for 2019 will be. What is clear is that he is going to need to significantly improve his one lap pace to get the better of a potentially more experienced teammate – perhaps one who was previously rated as a future World Champion.

RENAULT

Hülkenberg Palmer Winner
Points 34 8 Hülkenberg
Race Result 5 3 Hülkenberg
Qualifying 15 0 Hülkenberg
Fastest Lap 7 7 draw
Laps in Top 10 459 90 Hülkenberg
Best Result 6th (x3) 6th Hülkenberg

WINNER: Nico Hulkenberg, 5-1

Renault driver head to heads are a tale of two matchups in 2017. Hulkenberg versus Palmer for 16 races and Hulkenberg against Sainz for the remaining four.

It’s amazing that Nico Hulkenberg is yet to claim an F1 podium despite his undeniable pace and race craft. Both these abilities were clearly on display in his H2H battle with Jolyon Palmer. Palmer a former Formula 2 Champion was no match for Hulkenberg and the H2H score and radar is a sorry sight for fans of the Brit.

Jolyon had impressive moments, particularly his sixth place in Singapore but unfortunately they were few and far between. Nico’s outstanding performance in out-qualifying his teammate in every race in which they competed was unmatched by any other driver.

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Hülkenberg Sainz Winner
Points 9 6 Hülkenberg
Race Result 1 0 Hülkenberg
Qualifying 3 1 Hülkenberg
Fastest Lap 1 3 Sainz
Laps in Top 10 138 85 Hülkenberg
Best Result 6th 7th Hülkenberg

WINNER: Nico Hulkenberg, 5-1

When Carlos Sainz moved to Renault the head to head with Hulkenberg was a mouth watering one. Four races is a small sample size but the prospect of a close battle in 2018 looms large. 3:1 qualifying to The Hulk and 3:1 fastest lap to Chili is perhaps a teaser of how hard these two will push each other in 2018. If Renault can put a solid package together for 2018 it will be fascinating to see who comes out on top in this quality lineup.

TORRO ROSSO

Kvyat Sainz Winner
Points 4 48 Sainz
Race Result 1 6 Sainz
Qualifying 6 8 Sainz
Fastest Lap 9 3 Kvyat
Laps in Top 10 201 466 Sainz
Best Result 9th (x2) 4th Sainz

WINNER: Carlos Sainz, 5-1

2017 was a tumultuous year for the Italian team. With four different drivers taking the grid our head to heads lack consistency. With 14 race starts against each other Daniil Kvyat and Carlo Sainz were the main protagonists. As the radar shows the Spaniard was relatively dominant over his Russian teammate.

The only factor where Daniil showed a clear advantage was fastest race lap where he had an uncanny knack of besting his Spanish teammate. Unfortunately for Kvyat in terms of Championship points Sainz was massively dominant scoring 48:4.

Two new drivers took over the seats toward the end of the season. Pierre Gasly and Brendon Hartley only raced against each other in the final two races and were split one all on qualifying results. It will be an extremely interesting head to head in 2018. How will the young French 2016 GP2 Champion match up against the two time World Endurance Champion Kiwi. For both drivers there is potentially a Red Bull Racing seat available in 2019 – the head to head should be intriguing.

RED BULL RACING

Ricciardo Verstappen Winner
Points 200 168 Ricciardo
Race Result 2 5 Verstappen
Qualifying 7 13 Verstappen
Fastest Lap 7 9 Verstappen
Laps in Top 10 833 773 Ricciardo
Best Result 1st 1st (x2) Verstappen

WINNER: Max Verstappen, 4-2

Not by accident we’ve left probably the most exciting 2017 H2H battle (on paper at least) till last. Daniel Ricciardo and Max Verstappen appear to get on relatively well together off track but on track and head to head it’s obviously each man for himself.

Ultimately Max beat Daniel 4:2 in our factors though it was perhaps closer than the raw result shows. What didn’t help either driver in 2017 was consistency. Verstappen failed to finish in seven races and Ricciardo six. The Australian’s 32 point advantage in the Championship is significant but so too is Verstappen’s 13:7 qualifying win. Swings and roundabouts from two hungry would-be title contenders.

The 2017 head to head win undoubtedly goes to the Dutch driver. What is perhaps more interesting is how the two will compare in 2018 with the H2H winner potentially in a position to name his seat in the strongest team for 2019. Let’s hope Renault can bring a strong package next year and that these two potential World Champions challenge their Mercedes and Ferrari counterparts for the top podium steps.

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